Understanding ARFID: Signs, Symptoms, and Presentation
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is not driven by body image concerns like some other disordered eating. Instead, it is characterised by a pattern of food avoidance or restriction leading to significant nutritional deficiencies, weight loss (or failure to grow in children), or interference with daily life.
ARFID is a complex presentation that goes beyond “picky eating.” It involves an extreme avoidance of certain foods, which can stem from a variety of underlying causes. Some children may have sensory sensitivities, avoiding foods due to their textures, colors, smells, or temperatures. Others may develop a fear-based avoidance of certain foods because of past negative experiences such as choking, vomiting, or gastrointestinal discomfort. Additionally, some children with ARFID experience a lack of hunger cues or a general disinterest in eating, resulting in a consistently low appetite. ARFID can affect individuals of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents. Left untreated, it can lead to nutritional deficiencies, difficulty with social interactions involving food, and impaired growth and development.
The presentation of ARFID varies from person to person, some common signs include extreme selectivity with food choices, where individuals may have a limited range of accepted foods and avoid entire food groups. Nutritional deficiencies often develop, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, or other health issues. Some children experience significant weight loss or failure to grow due to an insufficient intake of calories. Anxiety around mealtimes is another key symptom, as children may feel distressed about trying new foods or eating in unfamiliar settings. Social interactions may also be impacted, with some individuals avoiding social situations that involve food, such as birthday parties or family meals.
While many children experience phases of picky eating, ARFID differs in several ways. The severity and duration of ARFID are more pronounced, as it can persist over time and significantly impact nutrition and daily life. Children with ARFID often develop nutritional deficiencies, whereas typical picky eaters usually still meet their dietary needs. Emotional distress is also a major factor, as children with ARFID frequently experience anxiety, distress, or fear related to food and eating. ARFID can interfere with daily life, affecting schooling, social interactions, and overall well-being due to food-related anxiety or limitations.
ARFID is a serious disordered eating presentation that requires understanding, support, and appropriate intervention. If your child is experiencing symptoms of ARFID, seeking help from a healthcare professionals can be beneficial. With the right support, individuals with ARFID can work towards expanding their diet and improving their relationship with food.
Rebecca x